Skip to content Skip to sidebar Skip to footer
Home / How Many Cars Can Go on a Freeway

How Many Cars Can Go on a Freeway

Post a Comment

Restricted traffic lane

A high-occupancy vehicle lane (also known every bit an HOV lane, carpool lane, diamond lane, 2+ lane, and transit lane or T2 or T3 lanes) is a restricted traffic lane reserved for the sectional use of vehicles with a driver and one or more passengers, including carpools, vanpools, and transit buses. These restrictions may be only imposed during peak travel times or may utilize at all times. According to the criteria used there are different types of lanes: temporary or permanent with concrete barriers; 2-directional or reversible; and exclusive, concurrent or contraflow lanes working in peak periods.[i] The normal minimum occupancy level is 2 or iii occupants. Many jurisdictions exempt other vehicles, including motorcycles, charter buses, emergency and police enforcement vehicles, low-emission and other dark-green vehicles, and/or unmarried-occupancy vehicles paying a cost. HOV lanes are normally introduced to increase average vehicle occupancy and persons traveling with the goal of reducing traffic congestion and air pollution,[2] [iii] [4] although their effectiveness is questionable.[5] [half dozen]

Regional and corporate-sponsored vanpools, carpools, and rideshare communities give commuters a fashion to increase occupancy. For places without such services, online rideshare communities tin serve a similar purpose.[ commendation needed ] Slugging lines are common in some places, where solo drivers pick up a passenger to share the ride and permit them to employ the HOV lane. High-occupancy toll lanes (HOT lanes), which permit solo commuter vehicles to use HOV lanes on payment of a fee which varies depending on demand, have too been introduced in the Usa and Canada.

History [edit]

United States [edit]

The first freeway HOV facility opened in 1969 in the Shirley Highway in Northern Virginia. Equally of 2012 the I-95/I-395 HOV facility operates every bit a two-lane barrier-separated reversible HOV three+ facility (centre lanes) with admission through elevated on- and off-ramps.

Before 2020, Caltrans traditionally preferred to utilise the term "carpool" in lieu of "HOV," as seen on Interstate 405 in Los Angeles.

The introduction of HOV lanes in the U.s. progressed slowly during the 1970s and early 1980s. Major growth occurred from the mid-1980s to the late 1990s.[7] The first freeway HOV lane in the Usa was implemented in the Henry G. Shirley Memorial Highway in Northern Virginia, between Washington, DC, and the Upper-case letter Beltway, and was opened in 1969 as a bus-only lane.[seven] [8] [ix] The busway was opened in Dec 1973 to carpools with four or more than occupants, condign the showtime instance in which buses and carpools officially shared a HOV lane over a considerable distance.[x] [11]

In 2005, the two lanes of this HOV 3+ facility carried during the morning time peak hour (6:30 am to 9:thirty am) a total of 31,700 people in 8,600 vehicles (3.7 persons/veh), while the iii or iv general-purpose lanes carried 23,500 people in 21,300 vehicles (one.one persons/veh). Boilerplate travel fourth dimension in the HOV facility was 29 minutes, and 64 minutes in the general traffic lanes.[12] As of 2012, the I-95/I-395 HOV facility is 30 mi (48 km) long, extends from Washington, D.C., to Dumfries, Virginia, and has two reversible lanes separated from the regular lanes by barriers, with admission through elevated on- and off-ramps. Three or more people in a vehicle (HOV 3+) are required to travel on the facility during rush hours on weekdays.[thirteen]

The second freeway HOV facility was the contraflow charabanc lane on the Lincoln Tunnel Approach and Helix in Hudson County, New Jersey, opened in 1970.[7] Co-ordinate to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the Lincoln Tunnel XBL is the land's HOV facility with the highest number of peak hour persons among HOV facilities with utilization information bachelor, with 23,500 persons in the morning peak,[8] and 62,000 passengers during the four-hour morn peak.[14]

The beginning permanent HOV facility in California was the bypass lane at the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Span toll plaza, opened to the public in Apr 1970.[nine] The El Monte Busway (I-10 / San Bernardino Thruway) in Los Angeles was initially just available for buses when information technology opened in 1973. Iii-person carpools were immune to employ the coach lane for iii months in 1974 due to a strike by jitney operators, and then permanently at a 3+ HOV from 1976. It is one of the well-nigh efficient HOV facilities in Due north America[xv] and is currently being converted into a high-occupancy price lane performance to allow low-occupancy vehicles to bid for excess chapters on the lane in the Metro ExpressLanes projection.[16]

Start in the 1970s, the Urban Mass Transit Assistants recognized the advantages of exclusive double-decker lanes and encouraged their funding. In the 1970s the FHWA began to allow motorway agencies to spend federal funds on HOV lanes.[x] As a result of the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo, interest in ridesharing picked up, and states began experimenting with HOV lanes. In order to reduce rough oil consumption, the 1974 Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act mandated maximum speed limits of 55 mph (89 km/h) on public highways and became the beginning instance when the U.Due south. federal regime provided funding for ridesharing and states were immune to spend their highway funds on rideshare demonstration projects. The 1978 Surface Transportation Assistance Act made funding for rideshare initiatives permanent.[xi]

Also during the early 1970s, ridesharing was recommended for the commencement fourth dimension as a tool to mitigate air quality problems. The 1970 Make clean Air Act Amendments established the National Ambient Air Quality Standards and gave the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) substantial potency to regulate air quality attainment. A final control plan for the Los Angeles Basin was issued in 1973, and one of its main provisions was a two-phase conversion of 184 mi (296 km) of freeway and arterial roadway lanes to motorbus/carpool lanes and the evolution of a regional computerized carpool matching system. However, it took until 1985 before any HOV project was constructed in Los Angeles County, and by 1993 there were simply 58 mi (93 km) of HOV lanes countywide.[11]

A significant policy shift took place in October 1990, when a memorandum from the FHWA administrator stated that "FHWA strongly supports the objective of HOV preferential facilities and encourages the proper application of HOV applied science." Regional administrators were directed to promote HOV lanes and related facilities.[ten] Also in the early 1990s, ii laws reinforced the U.S. commitment to HOV lane construction. The Clean Air Deed Amendments of 1990 included HOV lanes every bit one of the transportation control measures that could be included in state implementation plans to accomplish federal air quality standards. The 1990 amendments likewise deny the administrator of the EPA the authorisation to block FHWA from funding 24-hr HOV lanes as part of the sanctions for a state's failure to comply with the Make clean Air Act, if the secretary of transportation wishes to approve the FHWA funds.[ten]

On the other mitt, the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991 encouraged the structure of HOV lanes, which were made eligible for Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) funds in regions non attaining federal air quality standards. CMAQ funds may exist spent on new HOV lane construction, even if the HOV designation holds only at peak travel times or in the peak direction. ISTEA besides provided that under the Interstate Maintenance Program, only HOV projects would receive the 90% federal matching ratio formerly available for the improver of general purpose lanes. ISTEA, in addition, permitted state authorities to define a high occupancy vehicle as having a minimum of two occupants (HOV 2+).[x]

As of 2009, California was the land with the nearly HOV facilities in the land, with 88, followed by Minnesota with 83 facilities, Washington with 41, Texas with 35, and Virginia with 21. By 2006, HOV lanes in California were operating at two-thirds of their chapters, and these HOV facilities carried on boilerplate 2,518 persons per hour during peak hours, essentially more than people than the congested general-traffic lanes.[2]

Equally of Oct 2016, the longest continuous HOV facility in the U.Due south. is on I-xv in Utah, extending approximately 72.0 mi (115.nine km) from Layton to Castilian Fork with a single HOV lane in each direction for a total of 144.0 mi (231.7 km) of HOV lanes.[17] While the Utah facility is the longest, the I-495 Capital Beltway in the Washington, D.C., Metropolitan Area extends 56.0 mi (xc.ane km) but has ii HOV lanes in each direction for a total of 224.0 mi (360.5 km) of HOV lanes.[8]

Every bit of 2012, there are some 126 HOV facilities on freeways in 27 metropolitan areas in the United States, which includes over 1,000 corridor miles (1,600 km).[18]

Canada [edit]

The outset HOV facilities in Canada were opened in Greater Vancouver and Toronto in the early 1990s, followed shortly by facilities in Ottawa, Gatineau, Montreal, and later Calgary. As of 2010 there were about 150 km (93 mi) of highway HOV lanes in 11 locations in British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec, and over 130 km (81 mi) of arterial HOV lanes in 24 locations in Greater Vancouver, Calgary, Toronto, Ottawa, and Gatineau.[2] The Ontario Ministry of Transportation (MTO) in 2006 estimated that commuters in Toronto using the HOV facilities on Highways 403 and 404 were saving fourteen–17 minutes per trip compared to their travel fourth dimension earlier the HOV lanes opened. The MTO also estimated that near 40% of commuters were carpooling on Highway 403 eastbound in the morn peak hr, compared to 14% in 2003, and 37% of commuters were carpooling on Highway 403 westbound in the afternoon peak hour, compared to 22% in 2003. The average rush 60 minutes speed on the HOV lanes is 100 km/h (62 mph), compared to 60 km/h (37 mph) in general-traffic lanes on Highway 403.[2] Temporary HOV lanes were added to selections of 400-series highways in the Greater Toronto Area for the 2022 Pan American Games and 2022 Parapan American Games.

Europe [edit]

As of 2012, there are a few HOV lanes in performance in Europe. The main reason for this is that, in general, European cities accept meliorate public transport services and fewer high-capacity multi-lane urban motorways than do the U.S. and Canada. However, at around 1.3 persons per vehicle, average machine occupancy is relatively low in most European cities.[nineteen] The accent in Europe has been on providing double-decker lanes and on-street bus priority measures.[xx]

The first HOV lane in Europe was opened in the Netherlands in October 1993 and operated until August 1994. Its facility was a 7 km (4.three mi) barrier-separated HOV 3+ on the A1 near Amsterdam. The facility did not attract enough users to overcome public criticism and was converted to a reversible lane open to general traffic afterwards the judge in a legal exam instance ruled that Dutch traffic law lacked the concept of a car pool and thus that the principle of equality was violated.[twenty] [21]

Spain was the next European land to introduce HOV lanes, when median reversible HOV lanes were opened in Madrid'due south A-6 in 1995. This facility is Europe's oldest HOV facility that is yet in functioning.[20]

The first HOV facility in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland opened in Leeds in 1998. The facility was implemented on A647 route virtually Leeds as an experimental scheme, simply information technology became permanent. The HOV facility is 1.5 km (0.93 mi) long and operates every bit a HOV 2+ facility.[19] [20] [22]

A 2.eight km (i.7 mi) HOV three+ facility opened in Linz, Austria, in 1999.

The first HOV lane in Norway was implemented in May 2001 equally an HOV three+ on Elgeseter Street, an undivided iv-lane arterial road in Trondheim. This facility was followed by HOV lanes in Oslo and Kristiansand.[twenty] [23]

New Zealand and Australia [edit]

The first HOV lane (known as a Transit Lane T2 or T3[24]) in Australia opened in February 1992, located on the Eastern Freeway in Melbourne travelling inbound.[25] In May 2005, T2 Transit lanes were opened on Hoddle Street in Melbourne.[26] As of 2012, there were also T2 and T3 facilities in Canberra, Sydney and Brisbane.

In Auckland, New Zealand, there are several brusque HOV 2+ and 3+ lanes throughout the region, unremarkably known as T2 and T3 lanes.[27] There is a T2 transit lane in Tamaki Drive, in a brusk stretch between Okahu Bay Reserve and downtown Auckland.[28] There are likewise T2 priority lanes on Auckland's Northern, Southern, Northwestern, and Southwestern Motorways. These priority lanes are left-side on-ramp lanes heading towards the motorway, where vehicles with two or more people can bypass the ramp meter signal. Priority lanes can also exist used by trucks, buses, and motorcycles, and the priority lanes tin can be used by carpoolers at any time.[28] Eleven lanes were opened to electric vehicles in a 1-year trial from September 2017.[29] There are also several short T2 and T3 facilities in N Shore Metropolis operating during rush hours.[thirty]

Republic of indonesia [edit]

In Jakarta, HOV 3+ is known as "Three in One" (Tiga dalam satu) and was starting time implemented by governor Sutiyoso. HOV three+ is implemented on weekdays in existing roads of Sisingamangaraja Road (fast and slow lane), Jalan Jenderal Sudirman (fast and slow lane), Jalan M.H. Thamrin (fast and wearisome lane), Medan Merdeka Barat Route, Majapahit Road, and sections of Jalan Jenderal Gatot Subroto. The policy was originally implemented only between 7:00 am and ten:00 am. Since the introduction of Jakarta'south bus rapid transit in December 2003, the policy was extended to 7:00 am – 10:00 am and 4:00 pm – vii:00 pm. In September 2004, the evening time was changed to 4:xxx pm – 7:00 pm.[ citation needed ] Car jockeys are paid past drivers to ride on vehicles, so that those vehicles would bypass the three in one restriction.[31] [32] On August 30, 2016, an odd–even rationing (ganjil-genap) system began to supercede "3-in-ane" rule, after a successful trial. Odd plate numbers can enter former "three-in-1" areas on odd days and even plate numbers on fifty-fifty ones.[33]

China [edit]

In Shenzhen, HOV two+ has been implemented on Binhai Artery since 25 April 2016. The policy was then extended to 7:30 am – 9:30 am and v:30 pm – nine:thirty pm.

In Chengdu, from January 23, 2017, HOV ii+ has been implemented on Kehua Road South, Kehua Road Middle, and Tianfu Avenue Section 1 and ii, during 7:00 am-ix: 00 am and 5:00 pm-7: 00 pm.

In Dalian, an expressway (Northeast Freeway, or Dongbei Expressway) linking old town and new town had one lane in both outbound and entering directions ready to HOV ii+. Starting from September twenty, 2017, commuters can opt to bulldoze in HOV lane on Northeast Motorway during the morning peak hours of 06:30-08:30, and evening height hours of 16:30-nineteen:00. A fine of CNY100 (about USD15) will be enforced for first violators. For a second violation, the fine will double.

Design and operations [edit]

An HOV lane on I-24 in Nashville, Tennessee. These lanes part every bit HOV lanes only on weekdays during blitz hour, and equally regular lanes the rest of the time.

HOV lanes may be either a single traffic lane inside the chief roadway with distinctive markings or a split up roadway with i or more traffic lanes either parallel to the full general lanes or grade-separated, to a higher place or below the general lanes. For example, Interstate 110 in California has four HOV lanes on an upper deck.

HOV bypass lanes to allow carpool traffic and law to bypass areas of regular congestion in many places and an HOV lane may operate as a reversible lane, working in the direction of the dominant traffic flow in both the morning time and the afternoon. All lanes of a 10 miles (sixteen km) section of the Interstate 66 in the suburbs of Washington, D.C., are treated equally an HOV during the rush hour in the main direction of flow.[xiii]

The traffic speed differential between HOV and general-purpose lanes creates a potentially unsafe situation if the HOV lanes are non separated past a barrier. A Texas Transportation Institute study found that HOV lanes lacking barrier separations caused a fifty% increase in injury crashes.[34]

Variants [edit]

Business organisation access and transit lane [edit]

A business access and transit (BAT) lane is a type of HOV lane that allows for all traffic to enter the lane for a short distance in gild to access other streets and business entrances.[35]

High-occupancy toll lane [edit]

Because some HOV lanes were not utilized to their full chapters, users of low- or single-occupancy vehicles may exist permitted to employ an HOV lane if they pay a toll. This scheme is known as high-occupancy toll lane (or HOT lanes), and it has been introduced mainly in the Us. The outset practical implementation was California'southward formerly private toll 91 Express Lanes, in Orange County, California, in 1995, followed in 1996 past Interstate fifteen n of San Diego.[36] [37] According to the Texas A&M Transportation Establish, past 2012 there were 294 corridor-miles of HOT/Express lanes and 163 corridor-miles of HOT/Limited lanes under structure in the United states of america.[38]

FasTrak RFID station in Orange County, California

Solo drivers are permitted to employ the HOV lanes upon payment of a fee that varies based on demand. Tolls change throughout the twenty-four hour period co-ordinate to real-time traffic conditions, which is intended to manage the number of cars in the lanes to maintain skilful journeying times.[39] [forty]

Proponents claim that all motorists benefit from HOT lanes, even those who cull not to use them. This statement applies only to projects that increase the total number of lanes.[41] Proponents likewise claim that HOT lanes provide an incentive to use transit and ridesharing.[ citation needed ] There has been controversy over this concept, and HOT schemes have been chosen "Lexus" lanes, equally critics see this new pricing scheme equally a perk for the rich.[42]

HOT tolls are nerveless by manned toll booths, automatic number plate recognition, or electronic price drove systems. Some systems use RFID transmitters to monitor entry and exiting of the lane and charge drivers depending on demand. Typically, tolls increase as traffic density and congestion within the tolled lanes increase, a policy known as congestion pricing. The goal of this pricing scheme is to minimize traffic congestion within the lanes.[43] [44]

Qualifying vehicles [edit]

A slugging area, where solo drivers detect a passenger to utilise the HOV

Qualification for HOV status varies by scheme, just the post-obit vehicles may exist included:

  • Private cars and taxis with a minimum number of man occupants (oftentimes ii or three), including babies of any age (simply just after nascency)[45]
  • Single-occupant light-green vehicles, such equally hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids, and battery electrical vehicles[46] [47]
  • Motorcycles[48] - motorcycles are allowed via federal United States HOV lane law (Title 23, Department 166).[49] They cannot use HOV lanes in Ontario unless they accept ii passengers.[50]
  • Buses designed to transport xvi or more passengers, including the commuter[45]
  • Public utility vehicles when responding to emergency calls[45]
  • Bicycles[48]
  • Police are allowed to use the HOV lanes in Ontario.[51]

New York City HOV lane codes prior to 2008 did not let motorcycles leading to ticketing of motorcycle drivers and complaints from the American Motorcyclist Clan, merely take since been revised to comply with the federal regulations listed to a higher place.[49] [52] [53]

In some jurisdictions such equally Ontario, Canada, taxicabs and airport limousines are allowed to utilise HOV lanes even when no passenger is nowadays considering that vehicle "will be able return to duty faster after dropping off a fare or make it sooner to pick up a fare, thereby moving more people to their destinations in fewer vehicles".[50]

In Virginia, the San Francisco Bay Area, Houston, and other HOV lane locations, commuters form sluglines where drivers pick up one or more passengers from a designated "casual carpool" or "slug lines" to drive on HOV lanes; the driver pulls over most the sluglines and shouts out their destination, and people in the line going to that destination enter the motorcar on a first-come, start-served basis.[54]

Compliance, enforcement, and abstention [edit]

Fines are commonly imposed on drivers of non-qualifying vehicles who utilise the lanes.[55]

Post-obit the introduction of HOVs, some drivers placed inflatable dolls in the rider seat, a exercise that persists today, even though it is now illegal.[55] Cameras that tin distinguish between humans and mannequins or dolls were tested in the Great britain in 2005.[56]

In the United States, law enforcement officials have documented a diverseness of methods used by drivers in attempts to circumvent HOV occupancy rules:

  • Placing store mannequins, blow-up dolls, kickboxing dummies, or cardboard cut-outs in the passenger seat;
  • Taping styrofoam wig stands with wigs or balloons with faces drawn on them to the passenger seat headrest;
  • Buckling the rider-side seat belt and pretending to talk to someone reclining in that seat;
  • Tinting the front windshield and/or lowering the passenger side visor in an effort to obstruct the view into the passenger seat;
  • Covering an empty infant seat with a blanket and/or placing a doll in it;
  • Strapping dogs, cats, or other pets into the rider seat.[57]

In early on 2006, an Arizona woman asserted that she had been improperly ticketed for using the HOV lane considering the unborn child she was conveying in her womb justified her utilize of the lane, while noting that Arizona traffic laws do non define what constitutes a person. All the same, a judge afterward ruled that to qualify as an "individual" nether Arizona traffic laws, the private must occupy a "separate and distinct" infinite in a vehicle.[57] As well, in California, in order to utilise HOV lanes, at that place must be two (or, if posted, iii) separate individuals occupying seats in a vehicle, and an unborn child does not count towards this requirement.[58]

In 2009 and 2010 it was found that non-compliance rates on HOV lanes in Brisbane, Commonwealth of australia, were approaching 90%. Enhanced enforcement led to increased compliance, average bus journeying times dropped by about 19%, and total person throughput increased by 12%.[59]

In February 2010, a 61-year-onetime woman tried to pass off a life-sized mannequin equally a passenger in lodge to use the HOV lane in New York Land. A law officer on a routine HOV patrol became suspicious when he noticed that the so-called passenger was wearing sunglasses and using the visor on a cloudy morning. When the officer approached the vehicle, he discovered that the "passenger" was, in fact, a mannequin wearing lipstick, designer shades, a total-length wig, and a blue sweater. The commuter was issued a traffic ticket for using the HOV lane without a human rider, which carries a fine of $135 in 2010 and two points on a driver's license.[60] [61]

In January 2013, a motorist tried to claim that the Articles of Incorporation of his business, which had been placed unbuckled on the passenger'due south seat, constituted a person, citing the principle of corporate personhood and California's state Vehicle Lawmaking, which defines a person as "natural persons and corporations". This argument was rejected in traffic courtroom, where the presiding judge commented, "Mutual sense says conveying a sheaf of papers in the front seat does not relieve traffic congestion."[62]

In March 2015, a motorist tried to use a cardboard cutout of actor Jonathan Goldsmith to access an HOV lane in Fife, Washington. The officer noted that other drivers had used sleeping bags in earlier attempts to access the HOV lane.[63]

Effectiveness [edit]

Co-ordinate to 2009 data from the U.Southward. census, 76% drive to work alone and but x% rideshare. For suburban commuters working in a city, the solo driving rate is 82%.[64]

Some underused HOV lanes in several states have been converted to high-occupancy toll lanes (HOT), which offer solo drivers access to HOV lanes after paying a toll.[64]

HOV lanes are too an effective style to manage traffic after natural disasters, equally seen in New York Urban center later on Hurricane Sandy in October 2012. At the time Mayor Bloomberg banned passenger cars with fewer than three occupants from entering Manhattan. The restriction affected all bridges and tunnels inbound the urban center except the George Washington Bridge.[65]

Criticism [edit]

Critics have argued that HOV lanes are underused. It is unclear whether HOV lanes are sufficiently used to compensate for delays in the other mixed-use lanes.[66] [67]

The situations accept caused social issues in Republic of indonesia, where some people get "car jockey", people who make their living by offering drivers to make full their car in society to meet the occupancy limit. Reportedly, the situation caused people stay in unemployment for doing and so, increased congestion and allow parents profit from their babies.[68] [69] [70] [71] [33] [72] [73]

Gallery [edit]

  • Standard restrictive traffic sign in the Us. The diamond symbol (◊) indicates a preferential-merely lane restriction, in this case an HOV with two or more than occupants

  • California's red Clean Air Vehicle sticker to allow solo admission for electric cars to HOV lanes.

  • California's green Clean Air Vehicle sticker used to allow solo access for plug-in hybrids to HOV lanes.

Come across also [edit]

  • Bus rapid transit
  • Shell load – High passenger vehicle occupancy leading to burdensome
  • Headway – Distance between vehicles in a transit system measured in time or space
  • Local-express lanes
  • Passengers per hr per direction – Measure of passenger chapters of a transportation network
  • Platoon (car) – Group of vehicles travelling separately merely following some other
  • Road chapters – Vehicles or people on a given road in a given time
  • Toll road
  • Transportation Need Direction

Notes and references [edit]

  1. ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 339.
  2. ^ a b c d "Loftier Occupancy Vehicle Lanes in Canada – Overview". Ship Canada. 2010-08-26. Archived from the original on 2012-04-19.
  3. ^ Federal Highway Administration (2009-07-27). "A Review of HOV Lane Performance and Policy Options in the United States – Section i: Introduction". FHWA Tolling and Pricing Program. Retrieved 2012-04-25 .
  4. ^ "Transit Lanes". Roads & Traffic Authority, NSW. Retrieved 2012-04-25 . Budapest 29–31 October 2003.
  5. ^ Yair Wiseman (Nov 2019). "Loftier Occupancy Vehicle Lanes are an Expected Failure" (PDF). International Periodical of Control and Automation.
  6. ^ Sharon Shewmake (November 2012). "Can Carpooling Clear the Road and Make clean the Air? Evidence on the Impact of HOV Lanes on VMT and air pollution". Periodical of Planning Literature. 27 (iv): 363–374. doi:10.1177/0885412212451028. S2CID 154610953.
  7. ^ a b c Katherine F. Turnbull. "History of HOV Facilities". Federal Highway Assistants (FHWA). Retrieved 2012-04-26 . Complete account published in Katherine F. Turnbull (1992), "HOV Project Example Studies: History and Institutional Arrangements"
  8. ^ a b c Federal Highway Administration (December 2008). "Section 2: Operational Description of the Nation'south HOV Lanes". FHWA Tolling and Pricing Program. Retrieved 2012-04-24 .
  9. ^ a b California Section of Transportation (Caltrans) (2007). "Managed Lane". Caltrans. Retrieved 2012-04-26 .
  10. ^ a b c d e Christopher K. Leman; Preston L. Schiller; Kristin Pauly. "Re-Thinking HOV – High Occupancy Vehicle Facilities and the Public Involvement". National Transportation Library. Archived from the original on 2010-12-04. Retrieved 2012-04-30 . Enquiry funded partly by the Chesapeake Bay Foundation and the Bullitt Foundation, pp. three–5.
  11. ^ a b c MIT "Existent-Time" Rideshare Research (2009-01-24). "Selective History of Ridesharing – The 1970s Energy Crises". Massachusetts Institute of Engineering science. Retrieved 2012-04-thirty .
  12. ^ Peter Samuel (2005-01-12). "HOV lanes clogged with hybrids-complicate toll plan". Cost Roads News. Archived from the original on 2012-09-12. Retrieved 2012-04-25 .
  13. ^ a b "Loftier Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Systems". Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT). 4 Dec 2017.
  14. ^ American Public Transit Association (APTA). "Public Transportation: Moving America Forward" (PDF). APTA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-02. Retrieved 2012-04-25 . Run into p. 6
  15. ^ Texas Transportation Institute (September 2002). "Executive Report. Furnishings of Changing HOV Lane occupancy requirements: El Monte Busway Case Study". Federal Highway Administration. Archived from the original on 2017-06-17. Retrieved 2012-04-27 .
  16. ^ "Metro Limited Lanes".
  17. ^ "UDOT and UHP launch Express Lane education and enforcement blitz – Transportation Blog". web log.udot.utah.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-31 .
  18. ^ Pike Management Plan, FHWA (2012-01-12). "Ofttimes Asked HOV Questions". Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved 2012-02-27 .
  19. ^ a b Quinn DJ, Gilson DR, Dixon MT (1998). "Britain's starting time loftier occupancy vehicle lane – the A647, Leeds". ETC Proceedings. Archived from the original on 2012-x-16. Retrieved 2012-04-27 .
  20. ^ a b c d e S. Schijns (2006). "High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes – Worldwide Lessons for European Practitioners" (PDF). McCormick Rankin Corp. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-xiii. Retrieved 2012-04-25 . See Section 3.i
  21. ^ "Dutch parliamentary tape on the carpooling lanes experiment (archived)" (in Dutch). Statengeneraaldigitaal.nl. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved 2012-04-25 .
  22. ^ Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds. "Experience in Europe: Leeds, UK". Konsult Leeds. Archived from the original on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2012-04-27 .
  23. ^ T Haugen (2004). "Evaluation of Hov-lanes in Kingdom of norway". ETC Proceedings. Archived from the original on 2012-10-17. Retrieved 2012-04-27 .
  24. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-01-21. Retrieved 2015-01-21 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy every bit title (link)
  25. ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2002). Road Travel Demand – Meeting the Challenge. OECD Publishing. p. 134. ISBN978-92-64-17551-8.
  26. ^ "New lane to ease Hoddle Street dejection - National - theage.com.au". The Age. 2005-05-17. Retrieved 2018-06-11 .
  27. ^ "Transit Guides". Auckland Ship. 2011-10-28. Archived from the original on 2011-xi-25. Retrieved 2010-05-06 .
  28. ^ a b Auckland Transport. "Priority lanes for carpooling" (PDF). Auckland Transport. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-09. Retrieved 2012-05-06 .
  29. ^ "What is an EV lane". 2017-09-18. Retrieved 2017-09-27 .
  30. ^ Auckland Transport. "North Shore transit lanes" (PDF). Auckland Ship. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-03. Retrieved 2012-05-06 .
  31. ^ Jockeys and Ojeks: More of a Problem Than a Solution | The Djakarta Earth Archived March 18, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  32. ^ 'Car jockeys' greenbacks in on Jakarta'south traffic snarl | News | Mail & Guardian
  33. ^ a b "Pemberlakuan ganjil-genap pukul xvi.00, kawasan Sudirman tersendat". Baronial 30, 2016.
  34. ^ "CRASH ANALYSIS OF SELECTED Loftier-OCCUPANCY VEHICLE FACILITIES IN TEXAS: METHODOLOGY, FINDINGS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS". Texas Transportation Institute. September 2004. Dallas corridors with buffer-separated concurrent flow HOV lanes did show a alter in crash occurrence with an increase in injury crash rate. The IH-35E North corridor experienced a 56 per cent increment in the injury crash rate. The IH-635 corridor experienced a 41 per cent increase in the injury crash rate. A closer look at the crash information indicates that the higher injury crash rates were primarily due to the crashes occurring on the HOV lane and on the inside general-purpose lane which is adjacent to the HOV lane.
  35. ^ Murakami, Kery (Oct 17, 2008). "Answers to BAT lane questions". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Archived from the original on May 23, 2019. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
  36. ^ Dave Downey (2007-01-07). "The HOT lane hype". The N County Times . Retrieved 2008-07-15 .
  37. ^ Metropolitan Transportation Commission. "High-Occupancy-Vehicle (HOV) and High-Occupancy/Toll (HOT) Lanes: Frequently Asked Questions". Archived from the original on 2008-06-03. Retrieved 2008-03-01 .
  38. ^ Urban State Institute (ULI) (2013). "When the Route Price Is Correct – Land Use, Tolls, and Congestion Pricing" (PDF). Urban Land Institute. Retrieved 2013-04-09 . Run across Effigy 2, pp.six
  39. ^ "Northern Virginia Transportation Alliance". Archived from the original on 2015-10-03.
  40. ^ Dawid, Irwin (26 February 2008). "Golden Gate Bridge for variable price". Planetizen.
  41. ^ "Nearly I-495 HOT Lanes". Archived from the original on 13 February 2010. Retrieved 31 Baronial 2009.
  42. ^ Bob Hugman (2007-04-08). "Not Such a HOT Thought: 'Lexus Lanes' Could Ruin Virginia's Highly Successful HOV System". The Washington Post . Retrieved 2012-05-06 .
  43. ^ "FAQs". 495-95 Express Lanes.
  44. ^ "Brookings Institution economic study on HOT Lanes". Archived from the original on 2008-08-28.
  45. ^ a b c "High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lanes – Rules and FAQs". I'm meaning. Practice I count as i person or two? In the HOV globe, you're 1 person. Babies of whatever age, however, count as a person.
  46. ^ "Carpool (HOV) Lanes". HybridCars.com. 2010-07-08. Archived from the original on 2012-02-28. Retrieved 2012-02-27 .
  47. ^ "Eligible Vehicles – Single Occupant Carpool Lane Use Stickers". California Air Resources Board. 2012-04-12. Retrieved 2012-04-16 .
  48. ^ a b "Fact Sheets on Highway Provisions". SAFETEA-LU. U.s.a. Department of Transportation.
  49. ^ a b "Local biker stands up for right to ride in HOV lane". New York Daily News.
  50. ^ a b "High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lanes". Ministry of Transportation. Authorities of Ontario. eighteen Oct 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  51. ^ "High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lanes". Ontario.ca . Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  52. ^ "AMA Statement On Motorcycles in HOV Lanes in NYC". Dealernews. Archived from the original on 2014-05-02.
  53. ^ "HOV Lanes". NYC DOT. The City of New York.
  54. ^ "Sluglines assists the driver by reaching the two or three person HOV requirement, and the passenger in getting a free ride to their destination". Sluglines.com. 2010-01-27. Archived from the original on 2013-07-22. Retrieved 2010-06-01 .
  55. ^ a b "Blow-up doll flunks Seattle HOV lane ploy". NewsChannel viii. 2011-05-05. Archived from the original on 2013-06-16. Retrieved 2012-07-thirty .
  56. ^ "Cyclops cam can distinguish between humans and blow-up dolls". Engadget. Retrieved 2010-06-01 .
  57. ^ a b Mikkelson, Barbara (8 May 2014). "Diamond Lanes Aren't a Significant Girl's Best Friend". Snopes.com.
  58. ^ Frequently Asked Questions of the Highway Patrol Archived 2009-04-11 at the Wayback Auto.
  59. ^ Lyndon, S. Marinelli, P.A. Macintosh, K. and McKenzie, S. (28–xxx September 2011). "Loftier occupancy vehicle lane enforcement: a successful trial in Brisbane past adding a splash of magenta. Proceedings of the 34th Australasian Transport Research Forum" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2012. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors listing (link)
  60. ^ Driver Busted Using HOV Lane With Mannequin Passenger [ dead link ] , WPIX Newsroom (PIX 11), February 3, 2010. (see also: Commuter disrepair using HOV lane with 'dummy' passenger .
  61. ^ Driver Busted Using Carpool Lane With Mannequin [ expressionless link ] , WPIX, February 4, 2010.
  62. ^ David Kravets. "Motorist Claims Corporation Papers Are Carpool Passengers". Wired . Retrieved 29 January 2013.
  63. ^ KOMO Staff (March 25, 2015). "Commuter's 'most interesting' way to cheat the HOV lane fails". KOMONews.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2015. Retrieved June xvi, 2015.
  64. ^ a b JOSIE GARTHWAITE (2012-02-24). "Access to the Machine Pool Lane Can Exist Yours, for a Price". The New York Times . Retrieved 2012-02-27 .
  65. ^ Egan, Matt (three March 2016). "NYC Restricts Manhattan Entering Traffic to High-Occupancy Vehicles". Pull a fast one on Business.
  66. ^ "HOV lanes could exist History". The Baltimore Dominicus. 17 February 1997. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2011-12-06 .
  67. ^ "HOV Lanes in California: Are They Achieving Their Goals?". Legislative Annotator'southward Office. Authorities of California. seven January 2000.
  68. ^ Hausman, Sandy; Werman, Marco (8 September 2011). "Poor Indonesians Brand Coin in Jakarta's Traffic as Jockeys". The World. PRI.
  69. ^ "Dki jakarta's jockeys in demand as gridlock drives city to despair". three Feb 2012.
  70. ^ End of the road: Jakarta's 'passengers for rent' targeted by carpooling crackdown April 4, 2016 The Guardian Retrieved July 13, 2016
  71. ^ Passenger for rent: Dying profession of the Jakarta Jockey April 7, 2016 BBC Retrieved July 13, 2016
  72. ^ Jockeys and Ojeks: More of a Trouble Than a Solution | The Jakarta Globe Archived March eighteen, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  73. ^ Tjahjadi, Victor (six March 2006). "'Motorcar jockeys' cash in on Jakarta's traffic snarl". Postal service & Guardian.

External links [edit]

  • Oftentimes Asked HOV Questions, Federal Highway Administration
  • Loftier Occupancy Vehicle Lanes in Canada, Ship Canada
  • HOV Priority, TDM Encyclopedia, Victoria Transport Policy Institute
  • California Eligible Vehicle List – Single occupant carpool lane stickers, California Air Resources Board.
  • Data on how to map HOV facilities within OpenStreetMap
  • HOV lanes mapping based on data from OpenStreetMap.
  • Deal lowers tolls on I-85 HOT lanes
  • VARIABLE PRICING:San Diego's I-15 HOT Lanes Mainstreamed Commodity about first variable cost cost lane (1998)

hakalatruits.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane

Post a Comment for "How Many Cars Can Go on a Freeway"